Systemic referred pain
Sacral pain in the absence of history of trauma or overuse can be a presentation of a systemic dysfunction
Systemic sources:
References:
1. Goodman, C. & Snyder, T. (2007). Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier.
Systemic sources:
- Endocarditis
- Prostate cancer
- Neoplasm
- Gynecologic disorders
- Rheumatic diseases such as Reiters syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis or psoriatic arthritis,
- Paget's disease
- Disorders of the large intestine
- Crohn’s dz
- Carcinoma of the colon
- Irritable bowel syndrome.
References:
1. Goodman, C. & Snyder, T. (2007). Differential Diagnosis for Physical Therapists: Screening for Referral. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier.